The Li-Xiong Queuing Framework: Dynamic Reliability Optimization for Multi-Tier Border Control Systems

Zhe Li; Wenze Xiong

doi:10.62177/apemr.v2i6.927

Authors

Zhe Li City University of Macau
Wenze Xiong University of Auckland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62177/apemr.v2i6.927

Keywords:

Li–Xiong Model, Dynamic Queuing Model, Border Control Optimization, Equipment Reliability Degradation, Resource Allocation

Abstract

As the volume of passengers passing through border checkpoints continues to increase at this stage, the traditional M/M/c model has shown certain limitations in both capacity and accuracy within port scenarios. To address this issue, Li Zhe and Xiong Wenze (the authors of this paper) developed a Multi-level Dynamic Reliability Queuing Model, also referred to as the Li–Xiong Model (MDRQM). This model enhances prediction accuracy through three core improvements: the implementation of a phased passenger flow guidance mechanism, real-time optimization of resource allocation, and the incorporation of equipment operational status correction parameters. The proposed model introduces a tiered service intensity factor and a nonlinear degradation response function, which together form a comprehensive mathematical framework and establish a new analytical structure. Field validation at the Zhuhai Port demonstrated that the new model reduces the prediction error of waiting times from 32.1% (using traditional methods) to 11.4%, thereby providing more accurate decision-making support for passenger flow management during peak periods.

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