Unmasking Exploitative Leadership’s Dual Pathways: An FsQCA and PLS-SEM Comparison Analysis of Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction in Workplace Procrastination

Jun Liu; Kun Tao

doi:10.62177/apemr.v1i2.280

Authors

Jun Liu Centre for Gaming and Tourism Studies, Macao Polytechnic University
Kun Tao Beijing Long'an (Hefei) Law Firm

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62177/apemr.v1i2.280

Keywords:

Exploitative Leadership, Employee Work Procrastination, Affective Events Theory, FsQCA, Psychological Resilience

Abstract

This study investigates how exploitative leadership(EL) exacerbates employee work procrastination(WP) through the chain mediation of emotional exhaustion(EE) and job satisfaction(JS), while examining psychological resilience(PR) as a critical moderator. Grounded in affective events theory and conservation of resources theory, this study collected data from 450 employees of Chinese companies. Structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) revealed that EL significantly increases WP (β = 0.340, p < 0.001), with EE (β = 0.306) and JS (β = -0.188) serving as partial mediators (VAF = 63.3% and 30.5%, respectively). Furthermore, PR attenuates EL’s adverse effects, weakening its association with EE (β = -0.302) and buffering JS decline (β = 0.161). Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) identified three causal configurations, with the EL × EE pathway showing the highest explanatory power (raw coverage = 0.756). These findings advance understanding of the dynamic interplay between destructive leadership and procrastination, emphasizing the role of emotional and cognitive depletion. Practically, the study advocates for institutional transparency and resilience-building interventions to mitigate EL’s covert harm. By integrating symmetric and asymmetric methodologies, this research bridges theoretical gaps and offers a nuanced framework for fostering healthier workplaces.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Majeed, M., T. Fatima, and M. Irshad, A wolf in sheep's clothing: The perils of exploitative leadership. European Journal of Social Psychology, 2023. 53(6): p. 1216-1230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2970

Zhao, L., et al., Understanding the role of exploitative leadership in inhibiting service innovative behavior: a moderated mediation model. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2025. 37(2): p. 380-398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2024-0241

De Hoogh, A.H. and D.N. Den Hartog, Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. The leadership quarterly, 2008. 19(3): p. 297-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002

Sadler-Smith, E., et al., Hubristic leadership: Understanding the hazard and mitigating the risks. Organizational Dynamics, 2019. 48(2): p. 8-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2018.05.007

Schmid, E.A., A. Pircher Verdorfer, and C. Peus, Shedding light on leaders’ self-interest: Theory and measurement of exploitative leadership. Journal of management, 2019. 45(4): p. 1401-1433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317707810

Shin, Y. and W.-M. Hur, Supervisor incivility and employee job performance: the mediating roles of job insecurity and amotivation, in Leadership and supervision. 2021, Routledge. p. 81-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003243595-8

Zhang, G. and N. Wilson, When injustice triggers retaliation: examining the dual impact of power distance orientation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-04-2024-0084

Tran Pham, T.K., Tyrannical leadership and knowledge hiding: the mediating role of psychological distress and moderating role of psychological resilience. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-05-2024-0083

Nie, Q. and M. Wang, Exploitative Leadership and Employees’ Unethical Behavior from the Perspective of ego Depletion Theory: The Moderating Effect of Microbreaks. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 2025: p. 15480518241305683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518241305683

Jiang, H., et al., The relationship between authoritarian leadership and employees’ deviant workplace behaviors: The mediating effects of psychological contract violation and organizational cynicism. Frontiers in psychology, 2017. 8: p. 732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00732

Aquino, K., M.U. Lewis, and M. Bradfield, Justice constructs, negative affectivity, and employee deviance: A proposed model and empirical test. Journal of organizational behavior, 1999. 20(7): p. 1073-1091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199912)20:7<1073::AID-JOB943>3.0.CO;2-7

Weiss, H.M. and R. Cropanzano, Affective events theory. Research in organizational behavior, 1996. 18(1): p. 1-74.

Watson, D., L.A. Clark, and A. Tellegen, Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1988. 54(6): p. 1063. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063

Brady, J. and G. Prentice, A Post-Pandemic Critical Evaluation of Remote Working Influences on Affective Well-being, Work-life and Job Satisfaction. DBS Applied Research and Theory Journal, 2025. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22375/dbs.v2i1.146

Wang, Z., et al., How does exploitative leadership shape employee’s workplace venting? Current Psychology, 2024. 43(4): p. 3573-3584. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04596-z

Wei, L.-W., et al., MIXED-METHOD REPORT INTO CHINESE POSTGRADUATES’PROCRASTINATION BEHAVIOR, ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT AND SELF-CONFIDENCE. European Journal of Education Studies, 2023. 10(6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v10i6.4819

Chung, Y.W., Workplace ostracism and workplace behaviors: A moderated mediation model of perceived stress and psychological empowerment. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 2018. 31(3): p. 304-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1424835

Mohsin, F.Z. and N. Ayub, The relationship between procrastination, delay of gratification, and job satisfaction among high school teachers. Japanese Psychological Research, 2014. 56(3): p. 224-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12046

Kumcagiz, H., E. Ersanli, and K. Alakus, Hopelessness, procrastination and burnout in predicting job satisfaction: A reality among public school teachers. International Journal of Academic Research, 2014. 6(1): p. 333-339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-1/B.45

Ghazi Baker, O. and B. Dhafer Alshehri, The relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among Saudi nurses: A cross-sectional study. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/nmjn.v10i3.32767

Hsieh, H.-H. and J.-T. Huang, Why and when are silent employees less satisfied with their jobs? A conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2022. 37(4): p. 319-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-03-2021-0184

Pollack, S. and J. Herres, Prior day negative affect influences current day procrastination: a lagged daily diary analysis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 2020. 33(2): p. 165-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1722573

Petwal, P., P.M. Sudhir, and S. Mehrotra, Procrastination and self-compassion in individuals with anxiety disorders. Telangana Journal of Psychiatry, 2021. 7(1): p. 22-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/tjp.tjp_20_21

Mushtaq, F.M., Z.L.B. Hamzah, and E.B.M. Ghazali, Moderating role of perceived justice between employee incivility and consequences of brand hate. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 2025. 19(1): p. 204-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-08-2023-0314

Ashkanasy, N.M., O.B. Ayoko, and K.A. Jehn, Understanding the physical environment of work and employee behavior: An affective events perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2014. 35(8): p. 1169-1184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1973

Bajaba, S., et al., The broken trust: how exploitative leadership damages employee work passion. The Journal of social psychology, 2025. 165(1): p. 154-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2024.2311256

Guo, L., K. Cheng, and J. Luo, The effect of exploitative leadership on knowledge hiding: a conservation of resources perspective. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2021. 42(1): p. 83-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-03-2020-0085

Schmid, E.A., A. Pircher Verdorfer, and C.V. Peus, Different shades—different effects? Consequences of different types of destructive leadership. Frontiers in psychology, 2018. 9: p. 1289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01289

Wang, Z., C. Sun, and S. Cai, How exploitative leadership influences employee innovative behavior: the mediating role of relational attachment and moderating role of high-performance work systems. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2021. 42(2): p. 233-248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2020-0203

Ghanbari, S., H. Majooni, and M. Taajobi, Investigating the Relationship between Exploitative Leadership and Innovative Performance due to the Mediating Role of Knowledge Hiding. Journal of Applied Sociology, 2022. 33(4): p. 123-144.

Bonanno, G.A. and C.L. Burton, Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on psychological science, 2013. 8(6): p. 591-612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504116

Sadovyy, M., M. Sánchez-Gómez, and E. Bresó, COVID-19: How the stress generated by the pandemic may affect work performance through the moderating role of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 2021. 180: p. 110986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110986

Rodell, J.B. and T.A. Judge, Can “good” stressors spark “bad” behaviors? The mediating role of emotions in links of challenge and hindrance stressors with citizenship and counterproductive behaviors. Journal of applied psychology, 2009. 94(6): p. 1438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016752

Sun, L., et al., How does humble leadership influence employee improvisation? A motivational perspective. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 2023. 10(1): p. 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02499-9

Ashforth, B., Petty tyranny in organizations. Human relations, 1994. 47(7): p. 755-778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700701

Wu, L.-Z., et al., The impact of exploitative leadership on frontline hospitality employees’ service performance: A social exchange perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2021. 96: p. 102954. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102954

Ye, Y., et al., Exploitative leadership and service sabotage. Annals of Tourism Research, 2022. 95: p. 103444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103444

Syed, F., et al., Frogs in boiling water: a moderated-mediation model of exploitative leadership, fear of negative evaluation and knowledge hiding behaviors. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2021. 25(8): p. 2067-2087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2019-0611

Sun, Z., et al., The impact of exploitative leadership on hospitality employees’ proactive customer service performance: a self-determination perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2023. 35(1): p. 46-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2021-1417

Steel, P., The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological bulletin, 2007. 133(1): p. 65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

Metin, U.B., et al., Validation of the procrastination at work scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 2019.

Metin, U.B., T.W. Taris, and M.C. Peeters, Measuring procrastination at work and its associated workplace aspects. Personality and individual Differences, 2016. 101: p. 254-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.006

Chen, X., X. Wang, and X. Huang, The relationship between procrastination behavior and personality traits of college students: mediating role of emotional regulation. Adv Psychol, 2019. 10(9): p. 1685-1691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2019.910204

Paulsen, R., Non-work at work: Resistance or what? Organization, 2015. 22(3): p. 351-367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508413515541

Wegge, J., et al., A test of basic assumptions of Affective Events Theory (AET) in call centre work 1. British Journal of Management, 2006. 17(3): p. 237-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00489.x

Belschak, F.D., R.S. Muhammad, and D.N. Den Hartog, Birds of a feather can butt heads: When Machiavellian employees work with Machiavellian leaders. Journal of Business Ethics, 2018. 151: p. 613-626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3251-2

Livne-Ofer, E., J.A. Coyle-Shapiro, and J.L. Pearce, Eyes wide open: Perceived exploitation and its consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 2019. 62(6): p. 1989-2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2017.1421

Cuadrado, E., M. Jiménez-Rosa, and C. Tabernero, Risk and protective factors of emotional exhaustion in teachers. A moderating mediation on emotional exhaustion. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 2022. 38(2): p. 111-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2022a10

Edmondson, D.R., L.M. Matthews, and S.C. Ambrose, A meta-analytic review of emotional exhaustion in a sales context. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 2019. 39(3): p. 275-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2019.1592684

Kirk-Brown, A. and P. Van Dijk, An examination of the role of psychological safety in the relationship between job resources, affective commitment and turnover intentions of Australian employees with chronic illness. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2016. 27(14): p. 1626-1641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1053964

Cieslak, R., et al., A meta-analysis of the relationship between job burnout and secondary traumatic stress among workers with indirect exposure to trauma. Psychological services, 2014. 11(1): p. 75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033798

Maslach, C., Burnout: A multidimensional perspective, in Professional burnout. 2018, CRC Press. p. 19-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315227979-3

Schaufeli, W.B. and A.B. Bakker, Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 2004. 25(3): p. 293-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248

Maslach, C., Comprendiendo el burnout. Ciencia & trabajo, 2009. 11(32): p. 37-43.

Dodanwala, T.C. and P. Shrestha, Work–family conflict and job satisfaction among construction professionals: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. On the Horizon: The International Journal of Learning Futures, 2021. 29(2): p. 62-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-11-2020-0042

Kim, B.-J. and D.-g. Lee, Navigating the impact of organizationally prescribed perfectionism on depression: the sequential mediating roles of psychological safety and burnout and the moderating role of coaching leadership. Current Psychology, 2025: p. 1-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07333-w

Kim, T., et al., Emotional intelligence and emotional labor acting strategies among frontline hotel employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2012. 24(7): p. 1029-1046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111211258900

Martínez-Iñigo, D., et al., Emotional labour and emotional exhaustion: Interpersonal and intrapersonal mechanisms. Work & Stress, 2007. 21(1): p. 30-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370701234274

Maslach, C., S.E. Jackson, and M.P. Leiter, Maslach burnout inventory. 1997: Scarecrow Education.

Maslach, C. and M.P. Leiter, Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. Journal of applied psychology, 2008. 93(3): p. 498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.498

Cordes, C.L. and T.W. Dougherty, A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of management review, 1993. 18(4): p. 621-656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/258593

Boles, J.S., M.W. Johnston, and J.F. Hair Jr, Role stress, work-family conflict and emotional exhaustion: Inter-relationships and effects on some work-related consequences. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 1997. 17(1): p. 17-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.1997.10754079

Elsaied, M., Exploitative leadership and organizational cynicism: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2022. 43(1): p. 25-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-02-2021-0069

Lee, R.T. and B.E. Ashforth, A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of applied Psychology, 1996. 81(2): p. 123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.81.2.123

Majeed, M. and T. Fatima, Impact of exploitative leadership on psychological distress: A study of nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 2020. 28(7): p. 1713-1724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13127

Roster, C.A. and J.R. Ferrari, Time is on my side—Or is it? Assessing how perceived control of time and procrastination influence emotional exhaustion on the job. Behavioral Sciences, 2020. 10(6): p. 98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10060098

Jung, H.-S. and H.-H. Yoon, The Effect of Social undermining on employees’ emotional exhaustion and procrastination behavior in deluxe hotels: Moderating role of positive psychological capital. Sustainability, 2022. 14(2): p. 931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020931

Wang, J., et al., Binary work stressors and work procrastination: The mediating role of work attentiveness and emotional exhaustion and the moderating role of regulatory focus. International Journal of Stress Management, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000339

Balkıs, M., The relationship between academic procrastination and students' burnout. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2013. 28(28-1).

Krischer, M.M., L.M. Penney, and E.M. Hunter, Can counterproductive work behaviors be productive? CWB as emotion-focused coping. Journal of occupational health psychology, 2010. 15(2): p. 154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018349

Çelik, M., Ö. Turunç, and M. Begenirbaş, The role of organizational trust, Burnout and interpersonal deviance for achieving organizational performance. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 2011. 3(2): p. 179-189.

Ugwu, L.I., et al., Nurses’ burnout and counterproductive work behavior in a Nigerian sample: The moderating role of emotional intelligence. International journal of Africa nursing sciences, 2017. 7: p. 106-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2017.11.004

Cropanzano, R., et al., Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of vocational behavior, 2001. 58(2): p. 164-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1791

Van Jaarsveld, D.D., D.D. Walker, and D.P. Skarlicki, The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between customer and employee incivility. Journal of management, 2010. 36(6): p. 1486-1504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310368998

Liang, S.-C. and A.-T. Hsieh, Burnout and workplace deviance among flight attendants in Taiwan. Psychological Reports, 2007. 101(2): p. 457-468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.2.457-468

Xu, W. and A. Yu, The dark side of polychronic time management on employee well-being: exploring the buffering effects of workplace support for reducing work-family conflict and burnout. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2025. 36(3): p. 449-477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2024.2446983

Georgiadou, A., P. Vezyridis, and N. Glaveli, “You Pretend to Pay Me; I Pretend to Work”: A Multi‐Level Exploration of Quiet Quitting in the Greek Context. Human Resource Management, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22292

Diestel, S., M. Cosmar, and K.-H. Schmidt, Burnout and impaired cognitive functioning: The role of executive control in the performance of cognitive tasks. Work & Stress, 2013. 27(2): p. 164-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.790243

Spector, P.E., Job satisfaction: From assessment to intervention. 2022: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003250616

Locke, E.A., The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 1976.

Mosadeghrad, A., Principles of Health Care Administration, DibagranTehran, Tehran. International journal of nursing studies, 2003. 4(3): p. 69-86.

Mohammad Mosadegh Rad, A. and M. Hossein Yarmohammadian, A study of relationship between managers' leadership style and employees' job satisfaction. Leadership in Health services, 2006. 19(2): p. 11-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13660750610665008

Misener, T.R., et al., Toward an international measure of job satisfaction. Nursing research, 1996. 45(2): p. 87-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199603000-00006

De Simone, S., et al., Influences of work-family interface on job and life satisfaction. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 2014. 9: p. 831-861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-013-9272-4

Huang, W.-R., Job training satisfaction, job satisfaction, and job performance. Career development and job satisfaction, 2019. 25(3): p. 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89117

Sinha, R., Career development: An enabler for job satisfaction. Career development and job satisfaction, 2020: p. 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91683

Lee, T.W., How job dissatisfaction leads to employee turnover. Journal of business and psychology, 1988. 2: p. 263-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01014043

Judge, T.A., S.C. Zhang, and D.R. Glerum, Job satisfaction. Essentials of job attitudes and other workplace psychological constructs, 2020: p. 207-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429325755-11

Wei, L.-W., Deciphering the Dynamics: A Self-Report Correlational Investigation into Workplace Stress, Procrastination, and Job Satisfaction amongst Employees at Academic Institution. Journal of China-ASEAN Studies, 2024. 4(2): p. 84-105.

Skyvell Nilsson, M., et al., The role of perceived organizational support for nurses' ability to handle and resolve ethical value conflicts: A mixed methods study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 2024. 80(2): p. 765-776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15889

Yue, Y., K.L. Wang, and M. Groth, Feeling bad and doing good: The effect of customer mistreatment on service employee's daily display of helping behaviors. Personnel Psychology, 2017. 70(4): p. 769-808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12208

Skansi, D., Relation of managerial efficiency and leadership styles–empirical study in Hrvatska elektroprivreda dd. Management: journal of contemporary management issues, 2000. 5(2): p. 51-67.

Hajiali, I., et al., Determination of work motivation, leadership style, employee competence on job satisfaction and employee performance. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 2022. 2(1): p. 57-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v2i1.160

Naeem, S. and B. Khanzada, Journal of Health Education Research & Development. 2018.

Owens, B.P. and D.R. Hekman, Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. Academy of Management journal, 2012. 55(4): p. 787-818. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0441

Ansong, A., et al., Leader humility and organisational citizenship behaviour: the mediating roles of job satisfaction and employee engagement. Cogent Business & Management, 2024. 11(1): p. 2358166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2358166

Singhapakdi, A., et al., The impact of incongruity between an organization's CSR orientation and its employees' CSR orientation on employees' quality of work life. Journal of Business Research, 2015. 68(1): p. 60-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.05.007

Warr, P., J. Cook, and T. Wall, Scales for the measurement of some work attitudes and aspects of psychological well‐being. Journal of occupational Psychology, 1979. 52(2): p. 129-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1979.tb00448.x

Tudose, C.-M. and M. Pavalache–Ilie, Procrastination and work satisfaction. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series VII: Social Sciences• Law, 2021: p. 37-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31926/but.ssl.2021.14.63.1.4

Yean, T.F., et al., Determinants of job dissatisfaction and its impact on the counterproductive work behavior of university staff. Sage Open, 2022. 12(3): p. 21582440221123289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221123289

Padilla-Velez, D., Job satisfaction of vocational teachers in Puerto Rico. 1993: The Ohio State University.

Gangadharaiah, H., G. Nardev, and M. Reddy, Nurses' job satisfaction in mental health and neuro-sciences setting. The Nursing Journal of India, 1990. 81(10): p. 299-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48029/NJI.1990.LXXXI1001

MARTIN, B.J., A successful approach to absenteeism. Nursing Management, 1990. 21(8): p. 45-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199008000-00019

Piccoli, B. and H. De Witte, Job insecurity and emotional exhaustion: Testing psychological contract breach versus distributive injustice as indicators of lack of reciprocity. Work & Stress, 2015. 29(3): p. 246-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2015.1075624

Maier, G.W. and J.C. Brunstein, The role of personal work goals in newcomers' job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2001. 86(5): p. 1034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.5.1034

Karanika-Murray, M., G. Michaelides, and S.J. Wood, Job demands, job control, psychological climate, and job satisfaction: A cognitive dissonance perspective. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2017. 4(3): p. 238-255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-02-2017-0012

Lee, J., et al., Antecedents and consequences of three dimensions of burnout in psychotherapists: A meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2011. 42(3): p. 252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023319

Park, K.-H. and D.-K. Kim, Understanding the relationships among emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and emotional intelligence of hotel front desk employees. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2021. 26(5): p. 504-515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1874448

Khan, N.Z.A., A. Imran, and A. Anwar, Destructive leadership and job stress: causal effect of emotional exhaustion on job satisfaction of employees in call centers. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 2019. 11(1): p. 135.

Lee, Y.H., H.H. Kwon, and K.A.R. Richards, Emotional intelligence, unpleasant emotions, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction in physical education teaching. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 2019. 38(3): p. 262-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0177

R Richards, K.A., N.S. Washburn, and M.A. Hemphill, Exploring the influence of perceived mattering, role stress, and emotional exhaustion on physical education teacher/coach job satisfaction. European Physical Education Review, 2019. 25(2): p. 389-408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X17741402

Pu, B., et al., The effect of customer incivility on employees' turnover intention in hospitality industry: A chain mediating effect of emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2024. 118: p. 103665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103665

Kara, S., Investigation of job satisfaction and burnout of visual arts teachers. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 2020. 6(1): p. 160-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.v6i1.817

Zhang, H., et al., Explaining job satisfaction among residents in standardized residency training programs: a serial multiple mediation model. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 2021: p. 4073-4081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S330217

Hutauruk, F., R. Ahmad, and A. Bentri, Children resilience in dealing with parental divorce based on the ability to regulate emotions and optimism. International Journal of Research in Counseling and Education, 2019. 4(1): p. 9-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/00124za0002

Saputra, T.A., Bentuk kecemasan dan resiliensi mahasiswa pascasarjana aceh-yogyakarta dalam menghadapi pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Ar-Rahman, 2020. 6(1): p. 55-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31602/jbkr.v6i1.2941

King, D.D., A. Newman, and F. Luthans, Not if, but when we need resilience in the workplace. Journal of organizational behavior, 2016. 37(5): p. 782-786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2063

Elahi, N.S., et al., Resilience as a shield: self-efficacy and well-being in the face of exploitative leadership. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-08-2024-0546

Rafique, M., et al., Time pressure, emotional exhaustion and project manager abusive supervision in the construction industry: the role of psychological resilience. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 2023. 26(1/2): p. 132-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-02-2022-0034

Afriyeni, N., T. Rahayuningsih, and E. Erwin, Resiliensi akademik dengan kepuasan belajar online pada mahasiswa. Psychopolytan: Jurnal Psikologi, 2021. 5(1): p. 74-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36341/psi.v5i1.1550

Listiyandini, R.A., The influence of gratitude on psychological resilience of adolescence living in youth social care institutions. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 2018. 7(3): p. 197-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12928/jehcp.v7i3.10894

Sari, S.P. and Y.R. Yustiana, Bimbingan Dan Konseling Bermain Dengan Pendekatan Cognitive Behavioral Untuk Mengembangkan Resiliensi Mahasiswa. Jurnal Mahasiswa BK An-Nur: Berbeda, Bermakna, Mulia, 2022. 8(1): p. 113-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31602/jmbkan.v8i1.6233

Hobfoll, S.E., Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 1989. 44(3): p. 513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.44.3.513

Oppenauer, V. and K. Van De Voorde, Exploring the relationships between high involvement work system practices, work demands and emotional exhaustion: a multi-level study. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2018. 29(2): p. 311-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1146321

Lazarus, R.S. and S. Folkman, Stress, appraisal, and coping. 1984: Springer publishing company.

Tugade, M.M. and B.L. Fredrickson, Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2004. 86(2): p. 320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320

Anasori, E., et al., How can the subjective well-being of nurses be predicted? Understanding the mediating effect of psychological distress, psychological resilience and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 2022. 32(6): p. 762-780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-01-2022-0008

Pratiwi, Z.R. and D. Kumalasari, Dukungan orang tua dan resiliensi akademik pada mahasiswa. Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, 2021. 13(2): p. 138 â€“147-138 â€“147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31289/analitika.v13i2.5482

Athota, V.S., P. Budhwar, and A. Malik, Influence of personality traits and moral values on employee well‐being, resilience and performance: A cross‐national study. Applied Psychology, 2020. 69(3): p. 653-685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12198

Mahmoud, N.N. and D. Rothenberger, From burnout to well-being: a focus on resilience. Clinics in colon and rectal surgery, 2019. 32(06): p. 415-423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692710

Chiaia, B., et al., A novel structural resilience index: definition and applications to frame structures. Mechanics Research Communications, 2019. 99: p. 52-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2019.03.007

Kermott, C.A., et al., Is higher resilience predictive of lower stress and better mental health among corporate executives? PloS one, 2019. 14(6): p. e0218092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218092

Parker, S.L., et al., Trait resilience fosters adaptive coping when control opportunities are high: Implications for the motivating potential of active work. Journal of Business and Psychology, 2015. 30: p. 583-604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-014-9383-4

Kay, S.A., Emotion regulation and resilience: Overlooked connections. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2016. 9(2): p. 411-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.31

Riepenhausen, A., et al., Positive cognitive reappraisal in stress resilience, mental health, and well-being: A comprehensive systematic review. Emotion Review, 2022. 14(4): p. 310-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17540739221114642

Sarstedt, M., C.M. Ringle, and J.F. Hair, Partial least squares structural equation modeling, in Handbook of market research. 2021, Springer. p. 587-632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_15

Olya, H.G., Towards advancing theory and methods on tourism development from residents' perspectives: Developing a framework on the pathway to impact, in Methodological Advancements in Social Impacts of Tourism Research. 2023, Routledge. p. 34-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003413165-3

Ragin, C., User's guide to fuzzy-set/qualitative comparative analysis. Manual based on fsQCA 3.0. July. 2017.

Podsakoff, P.M., et al., Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 2003. 88(5): p. 879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

Podsakoff, P.M., S.B. MacKenzie, and N.P. Podsakoff, Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual review of psychology, 2012. 63(1): p. 539-569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452

Brislin, R.W., Expanding the role of the interpreter to include multiple facets of intercultural communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 1980. 4(2): p. 137-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(80)90025-5

Smith, B.W., et al., The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine, 2008. 15: p. 194-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972

Judge, T.A., et al., Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: the role of core evaluations. Journal of applied psychology, 1998. 83(1): p. 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.83.1.17

McLeod, S., Independent, dependent and extraneous variables. Simply Psychology, 2008.

Weiner, I.B., A.F. Healy, and R.W. Proctor, Handbook of psychology, experimental psychology. Vol. 4. 2012: John Wiley & Sons.

Korsgaard, M.A. and L. Roberson, Procedural justice in performance evaluation: The role of instrumental and non-instrumental voice in performance appraisal discussions. Journal of management, 1995. 21(4): p. 657-669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100404

Hair, J., et al., Multivariate data analysis. Cengage learning. Hampshire, United Kingdom, 2019. 633.

Xie, C., et al., How can aesthetic value and travel inspiration lead to audience’s intention to share short-form travel videos? A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis study. Current Issues in Tourism, 2024. 27(21): p. 3495-3513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2266102

Fiss, P.C., Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. Academy of management journal, 2011. 54(2): p. 393-420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.60263120

Pappas, I.O. and A.G. Woodside, Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA): Guidelines for research practice in Information Systems and marketing. International journal of information management, 2021. 58: p. 102310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102310

Yu, J., et al., Configuring the value-versus-attachment combinations in determining consumer purchase intention in tourism e-commerce live streaming: a fsQCA approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 2023. 26(18): p. 3023-3039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2107897

Schneider, C.Q. and C. Wagemann, Set-theoretic methods for the social sciences: A guide to qualitative comparative analysis. 2012: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139004244

Ragin, C.C., Redesigning social inquiry: Fuzzy sets and beyond. 2009: University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226702797.001.0001